The problem of personal identity among others may stem from the following question—what does be the person that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic problem of personal identity raises question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the identity of the person over time. The synchronic problem is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. To answer these questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for personal identity over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for personal identity; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving personal identity through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of personal identity? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of personal identity, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological approach and physiological approach to the problem of personal identity. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as alternative approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic approach to the problem of personal identity.

In this paper, the problem of population Districting in the health system of South Khorasan province has been investigated in the form of an optimization problem. Now that the Districting problem is considered as a strategic matter, it is vital to obtain efficient solutions in order to implement in the system. Therefore in this study two meta-heuristic algorithms, Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO) and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), have been applied to solve the problem in the dimensions of the real world. The objective function of the problem is to maximize the population balance in each district. problem constraints include unique assignment as well as non-existent allocation of abnormalities. Abnormal allocation means compactness, lack of contiguous, and absence of holes in the districts. According to the obtained results, GWO has a higher level of performance than the ALO. The results of this problem can be applied as a useful scientific tool for Districting in other organizations and fields of application.

One of the most important approaches that can lead to the creation of various advantages for enterprises is the Districting regions into the service offering locations and the demand units, which causes the increase in level of customers’,access to get the service. On the other hand, if vehicle routing is carried out in Districting regions in order to deliver products to customers, the planning of customer service can be improved. However, in none of the research conducted in the area of design supply chain, vehicle routing in Districting regions has been not investigated. Therefore, in the current study, a bi-objective mathematical model is presented to simultaneously focus on Districting regions, facility location–, allocation, service sharing, intra-district service transfer and vehicle routing. The first objective function is to minimize the total cost of designing the CLSC network, which includes costs of opening facility and vehicle routing. The second objective function is to minimize the maximum volume of surplus demand from service providers in order to achieve an appropriate balance in demand volume across all regions. Moreover, a robust optimization approach is used to take into account uncertainty in some parameters of the proposed model. In addition, the validity of the proposed mathematical model and the proposed solution on a real case study in the oil and gas industry has been investigated.

In Kant and the problem of Metaphysics (KPM), Heidegger shows how the initial image-making power of the imagination is pictorial in the pure image of time. He further clarifies the recognized link between the syntheses and the time-visualizing power of images which is pictorial formative power, which can visualize time. The three syntheses of imagination are replaced with the modes of existence of Dasein. Three kinds of photographs resemble the images produced when the transcendental imagination functions as Dasein. We can address the ways to visualize time by considering Dasein with a photographic preoccupation through 1. A possible look in the form of presentation (a photograph shows an immediate look of a house or person as intuitable this-here); 2. An immediate look of the thing, house, or deceased person, as well as a copy or its reproduction as a death mask; and, 3. The manner of contemplation of a likeness is an immediate look of a being present in the form of representation.

Extended Abstract Introduction The political organization of space in Iran has two dimensions. The first is the national divisions' system, and the second is constituencies. The national divisions’ system divides the country into provinces, cities, districts, and villages by the interior ministry. The executive branch plays a role in the territorial space according to these divisions. The second dimension is the territorially determined constituencies, where the competition for the representative seats is divided between many distinct regions. The details of these areas have an influential impact on the election outcome. In the Constitution of Iran, only Article 64 and Note 2 of Article 14 of the National Divisions are the only legal principles about electoral constituencies. Since the weight of indices is not definite in Article 64 of the Constitution, this caused many problems in determining the limits of constituencies. This research tries to identify these problems and provides an optimal model as a solution. Methodology This research is an applied in terms of its purpose, and is descriptive-analytic in terms of methodology. The method of collecting information is a library data collection which includes the study and review of books and scientific articles, and documents (government bills, studies of the Islamic Parliament Research Center, and speeches of the parliament members), interviews, and statistical information. We use the AHP method and Expert Choice, SPSS, and GIS software to content analysis of the documents. Results and Discussions There are 208 constituencies In Iran, and the total number of representatives of the Islamic Consultative Assembly is 290. Using 2016 census data, the country's population is 79926270. There is one chair for every 280443 individuals. Given the fact that five seats are reserved for religious minorities, we divide the total population to 285 instead of 290 since it has no significant impact. Therefore, by dividing the country's total population by 285, the average number of representatives to the country's total population was calculated. By implementing the simple proportionality equation, the percentage deviation from the average of the constituencies has been calculated. According to the table and calculating their population deviation from the national average, demographic inequality in the constituencies was confirmed. Table 1. The percentage of demographic deviation of constituencies from the national average Raw The deviation from the national average (percentage) The frequency of constituencies 1 0-20 55 2 20-30 36 3 30-50 45 4 50-100 60 5 More than 100 7 By examining the table of constituencies, it was found that nine constituencies of the country do not conform to the national divisions (non-compliance with the city boundaries). Eight constituencies are faced with a multiplicity of cities (four or more), and ten constituencies are faced with both a multiplicity of cities (four or more) and a large size of constituencies (more than 10,000 square kilometers). In addition, three constituencies are faced with a large size of constituencies, and six constituencies are faced with tribal, local, and religious competition with security aspects. There is a gerrymandering problem in Bijar, Gorgan, and Akgala constituencies. Among other problems, we can mention the lack of territorial continuity constituencies in "Taft and Meybod" and "Bandar Abbas, Qeshm, Abu Musa, Haji Abad, and Khamir." Also, the separation of constituencies of Bonab and Malekan, Borujen and Lordegan, Ardakan and Meybod based on local competitions caused security problems in 1999. With the comprehensive analysis of the deliberations of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, articles and books related to constituencies, laws related to the electoral zone, and obtaining experts' opinions, we reached eleven scenarios according to the criteria listed in Article 64 of the Constitution. In order to present the optimal model of the constituency, we used a Delphi method to criticize the existing scenarios. At this stage, the desirability of each scenario was evaluated using a (5) scale questionnaire. Out of all eleven identified scenarios in this study, six scenarios suffer from required utility from the experts' points of views. As a result, these six scenarios are eliminated, and the rest of the five scenarios are accepted using the t-test. In this test, the average of three is considered the basis for evaluating the scenarios. Table 2 summarizes the t-test results. Table 2: T-test results of different election constituencies scenarios in Iran Scenario t-statistics Mean Standard Deviation (SD) Degree of freedom p-value Hypothesis Decision Redistribution of Provincial representation seats based on exploration indicators’ weights 7.64 4.12 0.83 31 0.000 Reject the null hypothesis No Change in seats of religion minorities 26.28 3.81 0.82 31 0.000 Reject the null hypothesis Adaptation of the constituencies to the boundaries of national divisions so that the constituencies are in line with the districts of each county 36.75 4.19 0.64 31 0.000 Reject the null hypothesis Territorial contiguity of constituencies 28.7 3.97 0.78 31 0.000 Reject the null hypothesis Delineation of constituencies by considering the amount and share of exploratory indicators 37.44 4.16 0.63 31 0.000 Reject the null hypothesis Four criteria were identified using the library and archival data and interviewing experts. These criteria are population, underdevelopment, area, and border length. These criteria are considered essential and significant factors for redistributing provincial representative seats. In the next stage, the AHP questionnaire is sent to 32 experts of constituencies. The geometric mean of the pairwise comparison of one criterion concerning the other criteria has been done in Expert choice software. Figure 1 illustrates the output of this exercise. Figure 1: The Calculation of criteria's weight               With the comprehensive analysis of the deliberations of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, articles and books related to constituencies, laws related to electoral zone, and obtaining experts' thoughts and obtaining the opinions of experts on the indicators of population, area, distance, security considerations, border location, underdevelopment, cultural and geography cohesion to draw the boundaries of constituencies for the provinces of the country. Then, the AHP questionnaire was prepared and sent to 32 experts of election constituencies. After the completion of questionnaires, the geometric mean of pairwise comparison of indicators entered in the Expert Choice. Figure 2 and figure 3 Illustrate output of this exercise for border and inland provinces.       Figure 2: weight and rank of indicators for border provinces               Figure 3: Weight and rank of indicators for inland provinces               The optimal model is a combination of the indicators of the two mentioned scenarios and the scenarios of the territorial continuity of the constituencies, the adaptation of the borders of the constituencies with the country's divisions, and no change in the five representation seats of religious minorities. Apart from increasing the seats of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, applying this model can solve the problem of designing the boundaries of constituencies. Conclusions                                                 The constituency is the most apparent spatial manifestation of citizens' participation in political decision-making. The primary basis of power is formed in the relationship between spatial justice and Parliamentary electoral constituencies. This relationship deals with the participation of people in power through the election of representatives and is linked to electoral constituencies. The research findings showed that population inequality, non-compliance with the country's divisions, the number of cities and the large size of some constituencies, gerrymandering, competitions that have security aspects, and the absence of an independent institution of election constituencies are the most critical shortcomings of electoral constituencies in Iran. In order to reduce these problems, the optimal model of electoral Districting in Iran needs fundamental changes to ensure its efficiency. These changes include a series of actions such as scenarios for redistributing representative seats in the provinces, attention to religious minorities, adaptation of the boundaries of constituencies with national divisions, territorial continuity, and determining the boundaries of constituencies in the provinces based on the importance of exploratory indicators.

Considering the importance of solidarity as a theoretical and political structure and its connection with social harmony, acceptability and political legitimacy, the present research has conceptualized and formulated the problem of solidarity in the context of Iran's multi-ethnic society through the mediation of existing studies. . In the current research, the hybrid method has been used. The sample and statistical population of the research includes selected qualitative studies that have investigated the issue of solidarity and its dimensions in Iran from different aspects and perspectives in the period from 1372 to 1398. After searching in different databases, 500 related articles, books and research reports were identified and finally 54 sources were selected to perform the meta-combination method. Based on the synthesis of studies, solidarity in the multi-ethnic society of Iran has found a problematic situation. The results of the research confirm that the coordinates of solidarity in Iranian society are based on structural contexts and conditions. The main field in which the issue of solidarity in Iran should be established is the acceptance of a reality called "reliability and stability of cultural diversity". Based on the meta-combination of studies, the coordinates of solidarity in Iran's multi-ethnic society, due to "intercultural affinities", "disruption and non-inclusion in ethnic policies", "instability and imbalance of development", "inefficiency of ethnic political management" and "identification disorder". In the meantime, "cultural globalization", "taking role models from ethnic elites", "geopolitics of ethnic areas and transnational interventions" and "ethnic extension" are considered as intervening conditions. Despite the fact that ethnic and religious diversity is recognized as a central sign in the constitution, with this definition, political agents have sometimes resorted to strategies that social suffering and extroversion has formed in ethnic communities.

The influential physicist Richard Feynman became interested in the relationship between religion and science during a mid-career phase. He proposed that their interface was embroiled in unresolvable difficulties. He felt that science demanded an attitude of uncertainty for its claims, while religion contrarily required certain belief in its core doctrines. Though possessing several non-contradictory dimensions, Feynman felt that the nature of the truth claims of science and religion suffered from insurmountable elemental conflicts. This was by contrast to Karl Popper, the leading critical rationalist of the 20th century, who argued that there could be no tension between science and religion. This paper will argue that the ‘Feynman problem’ is not as insoluble as it appears. Rather, several solutions exist within critical rationalism. Two will be presented-the first revolves around the conjectural basis of knowledge and is already a well characterised critical rationalist notion. The second is a novel solution based on the separate categorisation of psychological, pragmatic, and epistemological attitudes to religion and science. Karl Popper’s view of religion-science dissimilarity was a minimalist point of departure for critical rationalists, who have developed increasingly sophisticated frameworks for investigating the relationship between faith and reason. Critical rationalism represents an equally inspirational methodology for the pursuit of scientific and religious truth. Though both Feynman and Popper’s views on religion were underdeveloped, they foreshadowed the religion-science frameworks advocated by many late 20th century scientists, especially in the form of New Atheism and Gould’s NOMA theory.

Most of the time, partial decision making of the urban management organizations bring great problems in planning and scientific urban budgeting and Districting which lead to inconsistency and spending extreme costs in urban management. Currently among a large number of Metropolises in Iran, Mashhad city, has critical issues about lack of coordination between municipal organizations which leads to an imbalance in urban management and municipal Districting. In case of Mashhad, this issue was detected by the plan of “role and position of midterm comprehensive plans in metropolises development” done by urban experts. In this plan, imbalance statues and relations of municipal organizations was shown as a major problem that Mashhad faced with. Also as a suggestion, moving towards integrated urban management as a process presented in this comprehensive study for case of Mashhad. Theoretical review of this article for the solution of this problem shows the existence of effective methods for transition from island like decision making structure, fragmented planning and divisions to the integrated urban management. The aim of the present research is designing an optimization pattern which is effective on codifying integrated urban management sample in metropolises. This purpose was achieved by three models in quality and quantity based named Delphi, VIKOR and SWOT through a descriptive- analytical study. The research approach contains several steps. First referring to fieldwork and theoretical resources and references, urban management and its criteria in municipal organization approach and their budgeting systems were studied through a case study. At the second step, after those criteria were collected with Delphi technique, priorities got ready to rank. These criteria represent suitable and balanced urban Districting and in a larger scale represent an integrated urban management system we should have. Priorities for playing role in an integrated urban management pattern were achieved using VIKOR model. In details, we created Delphi group including two groups: scientific professors and empirical experts of urban management credits. These groups contained 18 members and their role led to extract five criteria named X1 to X5. X1 is “The effectiveness rate of urban management”, X2 is “type of function”, X3 is “number of districts”, X4 is “criterion of Districting” and X5 is “average cost of imbalance conditions available in urban management for each one of citizens”. Then, we used VIKOR method in seven steps. First, Delphi group started to weight municipal organizations in related with the five criteria and the average of them were calculated as decision making matrix contain of rows that represent municipal organization and columns that represent criteria (X1 to X5). At the second step, the created matrix of decisions was normalized. After that, in the third step weighting of criteria was started with Entropy method. In the fourth step, normalized matrix was multiplied by the weight of every criterion in prioritization process and the answer was named normal weight matrix. In the fifth step, maximum value was named “fi+” and minimum value was named “fi-” which was extracted in decision matrix. After that, in the sixth step, we could calculate desirability index named “Sj” and discomfort index named “Rj”. For this purpose, weight values from Entropy were multiplied by the decision matrix values. In the seventh step, VIKOR index that represent final score for each option was calculated. If VIKOR index is low for an option, it will have a higher priority toward others. Moreover, determining priorities of the municipal organizations was not good enough for establishment of an integrated urban management. So in the third part of the research, in order to offer practical suggestions, we used SWOT method. We used this for recognition and analysis strengths, Weaknesses, opportunities and threats available in Districting system and urban management of Mashhad city and also for municipal organizations. Then according to current statement of the city, and its criteria representing urban management, Districting and budgeting system, we presented three scenario for short term, midterm and long term related in three approach of comprehensive, middle and small scale that could achieve integrated urban management and balanced Districting. The results shows that for practice of integrated urban management, some of organizations such as “gas organization”, “electronic”, “water and wastewater”, “post”, “telecommunications” and “police office” take priority and some of them such as “Imam Khomeini Relief foundation”, “health and medical organization” and “Registration of deed and birth” in regard to divisional criterion, can coordinate their divisions easily with municipality. “Fire-fighting”, “bus services”, “educations”, “social security” and “justice” organizations with regard to the type of activity and divisional criterion, have less inflection to coordinate with municipality. According to the investigation of the existing Districting and current performance of the urban management trustee organizations in Mashhad, for reaching to the integrated urban management and balanced Districting, research sample is submitted in three stages of short term, middle term and long term Scenarios.

The aim of the current research was to identify the characteristics of the four elements in order to provide a problem-oriented curriculum model in the elementary school mathematics course. There were 19 participants and the sampling was done purposefully. The data collection tools are semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. The problem-oriented curriculum template was designed using the characteristics of the elements and with the method of qualitative content analysis in the elementary school mathematics course. The identified features were validated by fuzzy Delphi method and Shannon's entropy method was used for data processing. Based on the results of the analysis, 7 main categories including the characteristics of goals at three levels of cognitive, attitudinal, skill, content, evaluation, teaching-learning strategy and 46 sub-categories were identified.                                                                                                                                                                In the fuzzy Delphi section, all features were confirmed by obtaining a de-fuzzified value greater than 0.7. The results of Shannon's entropy determined that the characteristics of starting teaching with a challenging question, creating a suitable educational environment, continuously monitoring the quality of learning strategies and communicating with students' talents have attracted the most attention and obtained the highest ranks and had a higher importance factor than other characteristics